Optimal. Leaf size=82 \[ -\frac{\log \left (x^4-\sqrt{3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log \left (x^4+\sqrt{3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt{3}-2 x^2\right )+\frac{1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (2 x^2+\sqrt{3}\right ) \]
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Rubi [A] time = 0.0571404, antiderivative size = 82, normalized size of antiderivative = 1., number of steps used = 10, number of rules used = 6, integrand size = 14, \(\frac{\text{number of rules}}{\text{integrand size}}\) = 0.429, Rules used = {1359, 1094, 634, 618, 204, 628} \[ -\frac{\log \left (x^4-\sqrt{3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log \left (x^4+\sqrt{3} x^2+1\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt{3}-2 x^2\right )+\frac{1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (2 x^2+\sqrt{3}\right ) \]
Antiderivative was successfully verified.
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Rule 1359
Rule 1094
Rule 634
Rule 618
Rule 204
Rule 628
Rubi steps
\begin{align*} \int \frac{x}{1-x^4+x^8} \, dx &=\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{1-x^2+x^4} \, dx,x,x^2\right )\\ &=\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{\sqrt{3}-x}{1-\sqrt{3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{\sqrt{3}+x}{1+\sqrt{3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt{3}}\\ &=\frac{1}{8} \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{1-\sqrt{3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )+\frac{1}{8} \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{1+\sqrt{3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )-\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{-\sqrt{3}+2 x}{1-\sqrt{3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{\sqrt{3}+2 x}{1+\sqrt{3} x+x^2} \, dx,x,x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}\\ &=-\frac{\log \left (1-\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log \left (1+\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}-\frac{1}{4} \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt{3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac{1}{4} \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt{3}+2 x^2\right )\\ &=-\frac{1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt{3}-2 x^2\right )+\frac{1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt{3}+2 x^2\right )-\frac{\log \left (1-\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}+\frac{\log \left (1+\sqrt{3} x^2+x^4\right )}{8 \sqrt{3}}\\ \end{align*}
Mathematica [C] time = 0.0555856, size = 83, normalized size = 1.01 \[ \frac{i \left (\sqrt{-1-i \sqrt{3}} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt{3}\right ) x^2\right )-\sqrt{-1+i \sqrt{3}} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt{3}\right ) x^2\right )\right )}{2 \sqrt{6}} \]
Warning: Unable to verify antiderivative.
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Maple [A] time = 0.008, size = 65, normalized size = 0.8 \begin{align*}{\frac{\arctan \left ( 2\,{x}^{2}-\sqrt{3} \right ) }{4}}+{\frac{\arctan \left ( 2\,{x}^{2}+\sqrt{3} \right ) }{4}}-{\frac{\ln \left ( 1+{x}^{4}-{x}^{2}\sqrt{3} \right ) \sqrt{3}}{24}}+{\frac{\ln \left ( 1+{x}^{4}+{x}^{2}\sqrt{3} \right ) \sqrt{3}}{24}} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Maxima [F] time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \begin{align*} \int \frac{x}{x^{8} - x^{4} + 1}\,{d x} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Fricas [B] time = 1.59651, size = 545, normalized size = 6.65 \begin{align*} -\frac{1}{12} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} \arctan \left (-\frac{1}{3} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{3} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2 \, x^{4} + \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{2} + 2} - \sqrt{3}\right ) - \frac{1}{12} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} \arctan \left (-\frac{1}{3} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2} x^{2} + \frac{1}{3} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{3} \sqrt{2 \, x^{4} - \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{2} + 2} + \sqrt{3}\right ) + \frac{1}{48} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} \log \left (2 \, x^{4} + \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{2} + 2\right ) - \frac{1}{48} \, \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} \log \left (2 \, x^{4} - \sqrt{6} \sqrt{2} x^{2} + 2\right ) \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Sympy [A] time = 0.195369, size = 70, normalized size = 0.85 \begin{align*} - \frac{\sqrt{3} \log{\left (x^{4} - \sqrt{3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} + \frac{\sqrt{3} \log{\left (x^{4} + \sqrt{3} x^{2} + 1 \right )}}{24} + \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left (2 x^{2} - \sqrt{3} \right )}}{4} + \frac{\operatorname{atan}{\left (2 x^{2} + \sqrt{3} \right )}}{4} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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Giac [F] time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \begin{align*} \int \frac{x}{x^{8} - x^{4} + 1}\,{d x} \end{align*}
Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.
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